Which of the following is essential for effective studying?

Having a comprehensive understanding of key concepts is crucial for effective studying because it allows for a deeper grasp of the material rather than superficial memorization. This understanding facilitates the ability to apply knowledge in different contexts, draw connections between ideas, and engage critically with the content. When students are well-versed in the key concepts, they can better analyze information, solve problems, and retain knowledge over the long term.

In contrast, relying solely on studying at particular times, like late at night, does not guarantee effective learning unless it is complemented by comprehension strategies. Additionally, only reviewing material during class limits the opportunity for reinforcement and self-directed learning. Moreover, relying entirely on memory without notes can lead to gaps in understanding and retention, especially in complex subjects that require organized information. Thus, comprehensive understanding stands out as the most foundational aspect of effective studying.