What refers to systematic inequalities affecting marginalized groups?

The term that specifically refers to systematic inequalities affecting marginalized groups is best captured by "structural inequalities." This concept encompasses the deeply embedded disadvantages that certain groups face due to societal structures, policies, and practices that create and maintain disparities across various domains such as education, employment, healthcare, and more.

While "institutional biases" may also relate to the discrimination and prejudicial practices present within specific institutions (like schools or workplaces), it does not fully encompass the broader systemic nature of the inequalities affecting marginalized groups. On the other hand, "social disparities" tends to focus more on differences in social conditions rather than the root causes or structures that perpetuate those differences, and "systemic issues" might imply a range of problems including governance or policy failures, but it lacks the specificity regarding inequalities and marginalized groups that "structural inequalities" provides. Thus, "structural inequalities" captures the essence of how societal frameworks can disadvantage particular groups over time.